Written by S. Erdem Aytaç (Koç University) and Susan C. Stokes (University of Chicago), this chapter of A Political Science Experiment explores the following questions:

– How do citizens participate in politics?
– Why is political participation important for democracy?
– Who is most likely to turn out to vote in elections?
– How can we explain variation in turnout levels across individuals, elections, and countries? 
– What is the “paradox of participation”?
– When are protests more likely to happen?
– Who are the protesters?
– Does repression always undermine protests?
– Is there a link between social media and protests?